Introduction: Micropropagation is important for both multiplication and preservation of a wide range of nursery plants, including many fruit crops. A number of studies exist on optimization of growth in in vitro condition for one or two cultivars, but often these results cannot be used for the other genotypes because individual cultivars may differ greatly in their requirements. Therefore, genotype-specific medium are usually empirically developed for many plants including pear. Pear cultivars and species are often recalcitrant to tissue culture manipulations and Murashige and Skoog (23) (MS) basal nutrient medium at full or half strength or with slight modifications is the most media were used. The QL, DKW, and WPM media are also used and they differ mostly in types or amounts of calcium and nitrogen in compared with MS. Developing growth media for specific and unique cultivars is complex and time-consuming. Currently, improved experimental design and using statistical softwares allow much more efficient approaches to be utilized for the improvement of micropropagation media and conditions. Improving of growth medium for in vitro propagation of plants depends on type and quantities of mineral nutrients and plant growth regulators as important ones. The existence of statistical softwares to manage effective factors is very needed to access an optimized growth medium for in vitro propagation of plants. Design Expert is used as auxiliary software to identify essential factors in in vitro culture. Since the in vitro proliferation parameters of Pyrus communis cv. ʽ Shekariʼ need to optimize for growth better, we were designed and performed a multifactor surface response experiment by Design Expert software to following two goals. First, to find optimized amount of some elements in medium and second, to show the response surface method can be useful for improving in vitro culture. Materials and Methods: One experiment was designed by Design Expert software and was performed to improve in vitro proliferated shoots of Pyrus communis cv. ʽ Shekariʼ . Shoots were grown in a modified MS medium (supplement with 1 mg l-1 of N6-benzyladenine) were used for this experiment. The experiment was included 20 model points randomly based on three nutritional factors: NH4NO3 (0. 5-1. 5×), Fe (0. 5-1. 5×) and micro nutrients (1-2×) in different concentration of their MS amounts. Media enriched with sucrose (30 g l-1) and agar (8 g l-1) after pH adjustment at 5. 7. Cultures were grown at 25° C under a 16-h photoperiod with 70– 90 μ M m-2 s-1 irradiance provided by a combination of cool-and warm-white fluorescent bulbs and were transferred to new medium every 3 weeks. Several responses were recorded after two months: Proliferated shoot number, proliferated shoot length (cm), total leaf number, leaf chlorophyll a (mg g-1), leaf carotenoids (mg g-1), and vegetative growth (cm). Responses for each point were the mean of 5 replicates. Experimental design, model evaluation, and analysis were done by Design-Expert® 8 (2010) software and the highest-order polynomial model that was significant for each response was used for ANOVA. Results and Discussion: Factors statistically were significant for responses according to ANOVA in linear, 2FI and quadratic models. Reduced NH4NO3 (×0. 5) and enhanced Fe (×1. 5) induced the higher number of proliferated shoots up to 4. 43 folds of control according a quadratic model. NH4NO3 and Fe×Micro had negative liner relationships with shoot length, while leaf number negatively was affected by micros. Fe and NH4NO3 were effective factors on leaf chlorophyll a and carotenoids contents. Increasing Fe (×1. 5) and decreasing NH4NO3 (×0. 5) led to 2 folds higher production of chlorophyll a and carotenoids. Vegetative growth of Pyrus communis cv. ʽ Shekariʼ in a quadratic-order method (negatively controlled by NH4NO3 and micros) increased by high values of proliferated shoot number and shoot length induced by reduced NH4NO3 (×0. 5). Optimized amount of three studied factors based on two important responses, maximum amount of proliferated shoot number and length, were 0. 9, 1 and 0. 5× for Fe, micro and NH4NO3 in MS medium, respectively. Conclusions: Design Expert software and response surface method were used successfully for in vitro optimizing of Pyrus communis cv. ʽ Shekariʼ regenerated shoots. Fe, Micro and NH4NO3, were the effective factors for shoot regeneration responses in linear, 2FI and quadratic models. The multifactor investigation in surface response design will enable us to predict an optimal medium for several effective factors and estimate suitable responses. Outputs of these types of experiments provide a suitable background to increase optimization accuracy for future experiments.

A fuzzy expert system has been developed to aid in PFD to P& ID conversion. The knowledge base of this system has been designed according to the following representation techniques: 1) Rule based representation and 2) Frames. The fuzzy expert system consists of two main parts: database and application program. The database has been designed using Rational Rose Software and implemented using Inter Base. The application program has been designed based on object oriented paradigm and UML standard and then it has been implemented using Borland C++ Builder compiler. Performance of the developed software has been evaluated based on the super fractionation unit of a gas refinery. This case study shows that the software is capable of handling an industrial PFD providing a rich knowledge base.

Regarding to unbelievable recent technology developments, one can observe the progress of science in the fields such as agriculture and industry due to application of computerized systems. Performance and ability of computer causes that challengers accept this phenomena in any ages and receive its services. Agricultural industry has benefited from this technology too. In fact designing an expert system is creating an intelligent computer software which is able to suggest the best way in a systematic and exact manner with bounded knowledge. It goes without saying that its possible to design expert systems in any branch of sciences. In this article design of an expert system in selecting primary tillage tools has been discussed. Developed multiple language, is efficient for the whole country to day. It is enough to show your location on the map instead of answering some of the questions for KARAJ (its hemisphere information exists in the software). These facilities is extendable for the world. The structure of the software for selecting the empliments is done on the basis of weighting different parts of the name of the complete implement by fuzzy logic lables and data fusion and its result is a list of proper tillage implements for that special situation given by the user. This list is sorted by the priority of implements and the pictures and explanations as well as the name of the implement will guide the user.

Introduction: Esthetics and attractiveness of the smile is one of the major demands in contemporary orthodontic treatment. In order to improve a smile design, it is necessary to record “posed smile” as an intentional, non-pressure, static, natural and reproducible smile. The record then should be analyzed to determine its characteristics. In this study, we intended to design and introduce a software to analyze the smile rapidly and precisely in order to produce an attractive smile for the patients.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, a practical study was performed to design multimedia software “Smile Analysis” which can receive patients’ photographs and videographs. After giving records to the software, the operator should mark the points and lines which are displayed on the system’s guide and also define the correct scale for each image. Thirty-three variables are measured by the software and displayed on the report page. Reliability of measurements in both image and video was significantly high (a=0.7-1).Results: In order to evaluate intra- operator and inter-operator reliability, five cases were selected randomly. Statistical analysis showed that calculations performed in smile analysis software were both valid and highly reliable (for both video and photo).Conclusion: The results obtained from smile analysis could be used in diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluation of the treatment progress.

Introduction: Bioequivalence studies are the most important way of evaluating the quality and efficacy of pharmaceutical formulations. In a bioequivalence study, the rate and extent of drug absorption into the general circulation is measured and the pharmacokinetic parameters should be calculated and statistically evaluated for the reference and test products. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax, Tmax, AUC, and Kel are the principles to determine the rate extent of drug entry into the bloodstream, which are achieved from complex calculations over the initial blood concentrations. Complex pharmacokinetic and statistical calculations parameters from these studies are the most important challenges in these types of studies which leads to an interpretation of the wrong results. In the present study, a software was designed for this type of calculations. The user interface is easy for researchers and may be used without engaging the operator in pharmacokinetic and statistical processes. Objective: Design a domestic, easy and user-friendly software to help implement biequivalence studies. Materials and Methods: Microsoft Visual Basic 14 was utilized in order to create the software and its main scientific reference guide was the FDA Guidance for Industry for Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies. Conclusion: The present software can be used as a complete package for bioequivalence studies.

Suitable supplier selection is the most important factor in supplier chain management; so that correct decisions in this phase, caused to reduce costs, make permanent relationship with suppliers and strong competitive strategy in market. In this paper, by reviewing the past articles, important related criteria found and then weighting of criteria and evaluation of alternatives were done with fuzzy Delphi. By ranking the alternatives in fuzzy TOPSIS, five thresholds obtained for grouping in the future. The results that obtained from these computations, converted to knowledge base (KB) of Expert System for Supplier Evaluation (ESSE). The ESSE was designed in Java Expert System Shell (Jess), so that its KB could be updated in the future. To make a user friendly interface, java language was used. The proposed system and experts individually evaluated some sample alternatives and by compare the results, they were very close.

The goal of this study is to evaluate expert system features of Iranian selected digital library software in the context of information retrieval. This study was performed using evolutional method using a checklist. In order to gather data, a checklist was prepared with 66 criteria based on the research dimensions (including tools of information retrieval, interface, information database (knowledge), and the strategies used for guidance of users). In preparing the checklist the opinions of LIS experts were used as necessary. The population of this study were 5 selected Iranian Digital Library software namely Pars Azarakhsh, Simorgh, Papyrus, Payam and Parvan. The status of the selected digital library software was investigated based on research dimensions. According to the studied criteria in research, the results showed that selected digital library software are lower than normal from the information recovery point of view and information data base, but as for the interface feature, it is higher than normal range. Also in the dimention of guiding users, the results showed that the most emphasis is on common software features instead of specialized ones. The test of research hypothesis also showed that there is a significant difference between the current status of the features of the software of digital libraries in Iran. A checklist was prepared for evaluation of digital library software in expert systems context. Also the results can be helpful for the software providers to resolve the weaknesses and reinforce the strengths of the software.

Optimization of medium components in in vitro cultures is very difficult because of having multifactor nature. To optimize the plant growth regulator concentrations (BA, IBA, GA3) for shoot proliferation of apple cv. 'Abbasi' a threefactor experiment was designed and performed in 20 points (20 treatments) using Design Expert software based on the response surface method. A completely randomized design using eight auxin combinations (IBA+NAA) was also carried out for in vitro rooting of microcuttings. Proliferated shoot number was linearly and positively affected by the BA factor, while the response of the leaf number was linearly and negatively affected by BA. The effect of GA3 on proliferated shoot length was negative and linear. The abnormal shoot percentage in a quadratic model was influenced by all three types of PGRs, i. e. BA, IBA and GA3; positively and linear by BA, positively and quadratic by IBA and negatively and quadratic by GA3. According to the results of this experiment, the optimum concentrations for BA, IBA and GA3 combination were 1. 5, 0. 1 and 0. 02 mg L-1, respectively, which resulted in the proliferated shoots with a rate of 2. 5 shoots per explant, with 0. 9 cm in length, 4. 3 leaves per shoot and 4% abnormal shoots. The percentage of shoot-tip necrosis was not affected by the evaluated factors. NAA was more effective than IBA for rooting microcutings. The medium supplemented by 1 mg L-1 IBA or 0. 5 mg L-1 NAA can be used successfully for rooting of apple cv. 'Abbasi' shoots in vitro.